Encyclopedian Dictionary: June 2013

Monocotyledonae

Monocotyledonae

"The monocots. Flower parts are usually in threes; leaf venation is usually parallel; true secondary growth is not present; there is one cotyledon; vascular bundles in the stem are scattered; the pollen is basically monocolpate. There are about 60,000 species."
Biology of Plants, p. 660, Appendix C, ©1970, Worth Publishers, Inc., Peter H. Raven, Helena Curtis, Stanford University

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Traditional classification system based on cotyledons. See dicotyledon.
Kingdom	Plantae – Vegetal, plants
Subkingdom	Viridaeplantae – green plants
Infrakingdom	Streptophyta – land plants
Division	Tracheophyta – vascular plants, tracheophytes
Subdivision	Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants
Infradivision	Angiospermae – flowering plants, angiosperms
Class	Magnoliopsida
Superorder	Lilianae – monocots, monocotyledons
Direct Children:
Order	Acorales
Order	Alismatales
Order	Arecales
Order	Asparagales
Order	Commelinales
Order	Dasypogonales
Order	Dioscoreales
Order	Liliales
Order	Pandanales
Order	Petrosaviales
Order	Poales
Order	Zingiberales

References and Further Reading

Lilianae, Taxonomic Serial No.: 846542

Also see Zoology Quest: Dicotyledon

Chrysophyceae

Chrysophyceae

"Golden algae. A diverse group of organisms including flagellated, amoeboid, and nonmotile forms, some naked and others with a cell wall that may be ornamented with siliceous scales. At least 1,000 species."
Biology of Plants, Fourth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., Stanford University, Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis, ©1971

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Chromista
Subkingdom	Chromista
Division	Chrysophyta – golden-brown algae
Class	Chrysophyceae
Direct Children:
Genus	Pelagococcus
Order	Chromalinales
Order	Chrysamoebidales
Order	Chrysapiales
Order	Chrysocapsales
Order	Chrysosphaerales
Order	Dictyochales
Order	Ochromonadales
Order	Phaeothamniales
Order	Rhizochrysidales
Order	Thallochrysidales

References

Chrysophyceae, Taxonomic Serial No.: 1448

Bacillariophyceae ( Class )

Bacillariophyceae

"Diatoms. Chrysophyta with double siliceous shells, the two halves of which fit together like a pillbox. They are sometimes motile by the secretion of mucilage fibrils along a specialized groove, the raphe. There are many extinct and 5,000 to 9,000 living species."
Biology of Plants, Fourth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., Stanford University, Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis, ©1971

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Chromista
Subkingdom	Chromista
Division	Bacillariophyta – diatoms, diatomées
Class	Bacillariophyceae
Direct Children:
Order	Achnanthales Silva
Order	Bacillariales Hendey
Order	Centrales
Order	Cymbellales D. G. Mann
Order	Eunotiales Silva
Order	Mastogloiales D. G. Mann
Order	Naviculales Bessey
Order	Pennales
Order	Rhopalodiales D. G. Mann
Order	Surirellales D. G. Mann
Order	Thalassiophysales D. G. Mann

References

Bacillariophyceae, Taxonomic Serial No.: 2287

Chrysophyta ( Golden-Brown Algae )

Chrysophyta

This group usually has one or two golden-brown chloroplasts (chlorophyll-containing bodies). The cells are surrounded by membranes or have walls containing a small amount of silica and most are motile. Some species are found in salt water but the majority are located in lakes, pools and ditches.

Synura uvella

"Golden algae and diatoms. Autotrophic organisms with chlorophylls a and c and the accessory pigment fucoxanthan. Food stored as the carbohydrate leucosin or as large oil droplets. Cell walls consisting mainly of pectic compounds, sometimes heavily impregnated with siliceous materials. Some 6,000 to 10,000 living species."
Biology of Plants, Fourth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., Stanford University, Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis, ©1971

dinobryon-divergens

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Chromista
Subkingdom	Chromista
Division	Chrysophyta – golden-brown algae, chrysophycophytes
Direct Children:
Class	Chrysophyceae

References

Chrysophyta, Taxonomic Serial No.: 1447

eaglet

Pronunciation key

( ē′glit )

ea•glet

[Fr. aiglette dim. of aigle].

A hatchling or juvenile eagle.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom	Animalia – Animal, animals
Phylum	Chordata – chordates
Subphylum	Vertebrata – vertebrates
Class	Aves – Birds
Order	Accipitriformes – Hawks
Family	Accipitridae Vigors, 1824 – Eagles, Hawks, Kites

References

Accipitridae, Vigors, 1824, Taxonomic Serial No.: 175280

Maine Dept. of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife: The Biologist's Journal (2006)

Plantae ( Kingdom )

Plantae

"Multicellular eucaryotes and related unicellular forms. Principal mode of nutrition by photosynthesis, but a number of plants have secondarily lost this capacity. Their photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll a with chlorophyll b and a number of carotenoids serving as accessory pigments. The cell walls contain cellulose as a matrix. They are primarily nonmotile organisms attached to a substrate. There is considerable differentiation of organs and tissues in the more specialized forms. Their reproduction is primarily sexual with alternating gametophytic and sporophytic phases; the former has been progressively reduced in the course of evolution. The plants have clearly evolved on at least three occasions; the red algae and brown algae have an origin separate from the rest."
Biology of Plants, Fourth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., Stanford University, Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis, ©1971

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Plantae – Vegetal, plants
Direct Children:
Subkingdom	Biliphyta
Subkingdom	Viridaeplantae – green plants

References and Further Reading

Plantae, Taxonomic Serial No.: 202422

Animalia ( Kingdom )

Animalia

"Eucaryotic multicellular organisms. Their principal mode of nutrition is by ingestion. Many animals are motile, and they generally lack the rigid cell walls characterized by plants. Considerable cellular migration and reorganization of tissues often occuring during the course of embryology. Their reproduction is primarily sexual, with male and female diploid organisms producing haploid gametes which fuse to form the zygote. Organisms included in this phylum have clearly evolved on at least three separate occasions. There are more than a million described species of animals, but the actual number may be closer to 10 million. Thus they may outnumber all other groups of organisms by a factor of perhaps 10 to 1."
Biology of Plants, Fourth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., Stanford University, Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis, ©1971

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Animalia – Animal, animals
Direct Children:
Phylum	Acanthocephala – spiny-headed worms
Phylum	Annelida – annelids
Phylum	Arthropoda – arthropods
Phylum	Brachiopoda – brachiopodes
Phylum	Chaetognatha – arrow worms
Phylum	Chordata – cordés, cordado, chordates
Phylum	Cnidaria Hatschek, 1888 - coral
Phylum	Ctenophora Eschscholtz, 1829 – comb jellies, sea walnuts
Phylum	Cycliophora Funch and Kristensen, 1995 – cycliophorans
Phylum	Echinodermata Klein, 1734 – echinoderms
Phylum	Echiura Newby, 1940 – burrow worms, echiuran worms
Phylum	Ectoprocta – bryozoa, moss animals
Phylum	Entoprocta Nitsche, 1870 – entoprocto
Phylum	Gastrotricha Metschnikoff, 1865 – gastrotriches
Phylum	Gnathostomulida Sterrer, 1972 – gnathostomulids
Phylum	Hemichordata – hemichordates
Phylum	Kinorhyncha Reinhard, 1881 – kinorhynchs
Phylum	Loricifera Kristensen, 1983 – loriciferans
Phylum	Micrognathozoa
Phylum	Mollusca – mollusks
Phylum	Myxozoa – ciliated protozoans
Phylum	Nemata – nematodes, roundworms, threadworms
Phylum	Nematomorpha Vejdovsky, 1886 – gordian worms, horsehair worms, hair worms
Phylum	Nemertea – proboscis worms, ribbon worms
Phylum	Onychophora – velvet worms
Phylum	Orthonectida Giard, 1877 – orthonectids
Phylum	Phoronida – horseshoe worms
Phylum	Placozoa Grell, 1971
Phylum	Platyhelminthes – flatworms
Phylum	Porifera Grant, 1836 – sponges, porifero
Phylum	Priapula – priapulans
Phylum	Rhombozoa van Beneden, 1876 – rhombozoans
Phylum	Rotifera Cuvier, 1817 – rotifers, wheel animalcules
Phylum	Sipuncula – peanut worms, shore worms, sipunculan worms, shore worms
Phylum	Tardigrada – tardigrades, water bears

References and Further Reading

Animalia, Taxonomic Serial No.: 202423

Fungi ( Kingdom )

Pronunciation key

( fun′jī )

fun•gi

[L. fungosus spongy < a mushroom, fungus; altered after fungus].

Alternative plural of fungus.

"Eucaryotic unicellular or multinucleate organisms in which the nuclei occur in a basically continuous mycelium; this mycelium becomes septate in certain groups and at certain stages of the life cycle. They are heterotrophic, with nutrition by absorption. Reproductive cycles often include both sexual and asexual phases. All are provisionally included in a single phylum, Mycota. There are some 100,000 valid species of fungi to which names have been given, but at least twice this many more probably await discovery, and many of the described ones will be eventually found to have been named two or more times; this is particularly so for fungi that may be classified both as ascomycetes and as members of the Fungi Imperfecti."
Biology of Plants, Fourth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., Stanford University, Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis, ©1971

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Fungi – champignons, Fungo, fungi
Direct Children:
Division	Ascomycota – sac fungi
Division	Basidiomycota – basidiomycetes, club fungi
Division	Deuteromycotina
Division	Myxomycota – slime molds

References

Fungi, Taxonomic Serial No.: 555705

Chromista ( Kingdom and Subkingdom )

chromista

[The name Chromista means "colored"].

They are photosynthetic, but chromists are not closely related to plants, or other algae. In difference to plants, the Chromista have chlorophyll c, and do not store energy in the form of starch. Photosynthetic chromists often carry various pigments in addition to chlorophyll, which are not found in plants. It is these pigments which give them their characteristic brown or golden color. Some of the organisms which fall into this classification are microscopic diatoms.

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Chromista
Direct Children:
Subkingdom	Chromista

Chromista, Taxonomic Serial No.: 630578

Chromista, Taxonomic Serial No.: 590735

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Chromista
Subkingdom	Chromista
Direct Children:
Division	Bacillariophyta – diatoms
Division	Chrysophyta – golden-brown algae
Division	Cryptophycophyta
Division	Haptophyta
Division	Phaeophyta – brown algae
Division	Pyrrophycophyta – dinoflagellates
Division	Xanthophyta – yellow-green algae

References

Chromista, Taxonomic Serial No.: 630578

Introduction to the Chromista

"For many years, photosynthetic chromists were classified as plants, while non-photosynthetic chromists were classified with the fungi or animals. The close relationship among chromists was not fully appreciated until the rise of ultrastructural and molecular studies. For instance, it is now known that chlorophyll "c" and a number of other pigments found in the Chromista are not found in any plant group, but occur in a number of photosynthetic chromist taxa. There are also peculiarities of the flagella, plastids, and genetic arrangement which are not found in any other group.
The Chromista appear to represent an independent evolutionary line that diverged from the same common ancestor as plants, fungi, and animals. It was for this reason that the new kingdom Chromista was proposed."

Chromista: Systematics

Protista ( Kingdom )

Pronunciation key

( prō-tis′tə )

[< Gr. prōtistos first < prōtos first].

pro•tist n. (prō′tist).

A single cell organism.

pro•tist•a n.

A scientific classification, kingdom.

pro•tist•an (prō-tis′tən) adj.

Of the protists or belonging to protists. n., a protist.

pro•tis•tic (prō-tis′tik) adj.

of the protists.

"Eucaryotic unicellular organisms in which the cells are sometimes aggregated into filaments or other superficially multi-cellular bodies. Their modes of nutrition include ingestion, photosynthesis, and sometimes absorption. True sexuality is present in some phyla. They move 9-plus-2 flagella or are nonmotile."
Biology of Plants, Fourth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., Stanford University, Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis, ©1971

Those who still use Kingdom Protista are referring to the traditional broad grouping based upon the work of Whittaker in Science 163: 150-160 in which organisms are divided into five major groups, or kingdoms:

Monera
Protista
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae

Cavalier-Smith (1998) divides Protista into two separate Kingdoms (Protozoa and Chromista), both of which contain colorless and pigmented forms and are currently recognized by itis.gov for its current standing on classification system.

References

Protista, Sat Dec 18 14:43:51 CST 2010

Monera ( Kingdom )

Monera

"Procaryotic cells which lack a nuclear envelope, plastids and mitochondria, and 9-plus-2 flagella. Monera are unicellular but sometimes aggregate into filaments or other superficially multi-cellular bodies. Their predominant mode of nutrition is absorption, but some groups are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic. Reproduction is primarily asexual, by fission or budding, but portions of DNA molecules may also be exchanged between cells under certain circumstances. They are motile by simple flagella, gliding, or nonmotile.
About 1,600 species of bacteria and bacterialike organisms are recognized at present, but doubtless thousands more await discovery. The recognition of species is not comparable with that in eucaryotes, and is based largely upon metabolic features.
One group, the class Rickettsiae-very small bacterialike organisms-occurs widely as parasites in arthropods, and may contain tens or even hundreds of thousands of species, depending upon the criteria used; they have not been included in the estimate given. No satisfactory classification of the Monera has yet been proposed. One of the included groups is the phylum Cyanophyta, the blue-green algae, with motility by gliding and photosynthesis based on chlorophyll a. Although some 7,500 species have been described, a more reasonable estimate puts the total number of these specialized bacteria at about 200 nonsymbiotic distinct species."
Source: Biology of Plants, Fourth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., Stanford University, Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis, ©1971

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom	Monera – monerans
Direct Children:
Phylum	Bacteria – bacteria, bactéries
Phylum	Cyanophycota – blue-green algae, cyanophytes

References and Further Reading

Monera, Taxonomic Serial No.: 202420

cyanophytes Hawaii University, Botany.

earthstar ( Basidiomycetes )

Pronunciation key

( ũrth′stär′ )

earth•star

Fungus species. Its external covering splits into a form that bears resemblance to a star.

The traditional name for this class of fungi were the Gasteromycetes, Taxonomic Serial No.: 14095 which notes, "The Dictionary of Fungi (1995) says, of Gasteromycetes, "The polyphyletic nature of the group makes it inappropriate to maintain in a natural classification...". It has been declared invalid and the accepted scientific name is Basidiomycetes.

Earthstars split open during maturity. They have a thick outer layer which divides into pointed segments which resembles a star. This reveals a ball-shaped structure with a thin, papery-textured coat. Spores discharge from mouth-openings on the top. Mycelium threads often enmesh debris about outer segments.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom	Fungi – fungi
Division	Basidiomycota – basidiomycetes, club fungi
Class	Basidiomycetes
Direct Children:
Order	Agaricales
Order	Auriculariales
Order	Boletales
Order	Cantharellales
Order	Lycoperdales
Order	Melanogastrales
Order	Sclerodermatales
Order	Tremellales

triplex earthstar, Geastrum (or Geaster) triplex (1967)

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Crowned Earthstar, Geastrum coronatum or Geaster coronatum

References and Further Reading

Basidiomycetes, Taxonomic Serial No.: 14093

Zoology Quest: Class Basidiomycetes

Zoology Quest: Geaster triplex

Crowned earthstar ( Geaster or Geastrum Coronatus )

Beaked Earthstar

"Earthstars belong to a group... of fungi called Gasteromycetes, or "stomach fungi". Their fruiting bodies are a stomach-shaped sac filled with dry spores. They are related to puffballs. Young, closed earthstars are onion-shaped. Their peridium (skin) is made up of three layers. The layers allow the earthstar to do something no other fungus can do. Earthstars can move!"

Fungus of the Month for December 2003, This month's fungus is Astraeus hygrometricus, an earthstar.

Fungal Flickr favourites

Genus: Geaster, Unknown: Geaster triplex

Typification of Geastrium

Geaster (Genus)

Earth Star Fungus – In the Lily Wood

Earthstars

Dzungaria ( China )

Pronunciation key

( zoon-gar′i-ə )

Dzun•ga•ri•a

District located in northern Sinkiang, China.

References

dz.

dz.

dozen.
dozens.

References

dyn.

dyn.

dynamics.

References

Dy

In chemistry, dysprosium.

References

DX, D.X.

DX, D.X.

in radio.

distance.
distant.

References

dwt.

dwt.

[denarius weight.]

pennyweight.
pennyweights.

References

D/W

D/W

dock warrant.

References

D.V.S.

D.V.S.

Doctor of Veterinary Surgeon.

References

D.V.

D.V.

Deo volente [L.] God willing.
Douay Version (of the Bible).

References

Dutchman's-pipe ( Aristolochia )

Pronunciation key

( duch′mənz-pīp′ )

Dutch•man's-pipe

[from the similarity between the curved flowers and a pipe bowl].

A woody vine with U-shaped flowers.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom	Plantae – Vegetal, plants
Subkingdom	Viridaeplantae – green plants
Infrakingdom	Streptophyta – land plants
Division	Tracheophyta – vascular plants, tracheophytes
Subdivision	Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants
Infradivision	Angiospermae – flowering plants, angiosperms
Class	Magnoliopsida
Superorder	Magnolianae
Order	Piperales
Family	Aristolochiaceae – birthworts
Genus	Aristolochia L. – dutchman's pipe

Direct Children:
Species	Aristolochia anguicida Jacq. – harlequin dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia bilabiata L. – West Indian dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia bilobata L. – twolobe dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia californica Torr. – California dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia clematitis L. – birthwort
Species	Aristolochia cordifolia Glaz. – heartleaf dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia coryi I.M. Johnst. – Cory's dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia elegans Mast. – elegant dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia erecta L. – swanflower, dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia grandiflora Sw. – pelicanflower
Species	Aristolochia labiata Willd. – mottled dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia littoralis D. Parodi – elegant dutchman's pipe, calico flower, dutchman's pipe, pelican flower
Species	Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. – pipevine
Species	Aristolochia maxima Jacq. – Florida dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia oblongata Jacq.
Species	Aristolochia odoratissima L. – fragrant dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia peltata L. – peltate dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia pentandra Jacq. – Marsh's dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia reticulata Nutt. – Texas dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia ringens Vahl – gaping dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia rotunda L.
Species	Aristolochia rugosa Lam.
Species	Aristolochia serpentaria L. – Virginia snakeroot, Virginia dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia surinamensis Willd.
Species	Aristolochia tomentosa Sims – common dutchman's pipe, woolly dutchman's pipe
Species	Aristolochia trilobata L. – bejuco de santiago
Species	Aristolochia watsonii Wooton & Standl. – Watson's dutchman's pipe, Indian root
Species	Aristolochia wrightii Seem. – Wright's dutchman's pipe

References

Aristolochia, L., Taxonomic Serial No.: 18328

Dutchmans pipe, Family: Birthwort

flora, botany tamu.edu

litho by Horto Van Houtteano

PlantFiles: Elegant Dutchman's Pipe, Calico Flower, Pelican Flower, Aristolochia elegans

Pelican Flower - The Giant Dutchman's Pipe

Aristolochia elegans, Calico flower, Dutchman's pipe, pipe vine (Family: Aristolochiaceae (birthwort Family))

duckbill platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus )

Pronunciation key

( duk′bil′)

duck•bill

Small (about 1.5 ft. length), egg-laying water mammal with webbed feet and a beaver-like tail and a bill similar to a duck's. Also called platypus.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom	Animalia – Animal, animals
Phylum	Chordata – chordates
Subphylum	Vertebrata – vertebrates
Class	Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 – mammals
Subclass	Prototheria Gill, 1872 – egg-laying mammals
Order	Monotremata Bonaparte, 1837
Family	Ornithorhynchidae Gray, 1825
Genus	Ornithorhynchus Blumenbach, 1800
Species	Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799) – duck-billed platypus, Platypus

References

Ornithorhynchus anatinus, (Shaw, 1799), Taxonomic Serial No.: 552524

D.T.'s

Pronunciation key

( dē′tēz′ )

[Slang].

delirium tremens.

References

d.t.

Pronunciation key

( dē′tēz′ )

d.t., D.T.

delirium tremens.
double time.
D.T.'s, delirium tremens.

References

D.S.T.

D.S.T.

Daylight Saving Time.

References

Ds, d.s., DS.

Ds, d.s., DS.

Ds, in chemistry, dysprosium.
d.s.

daylight saving.
in commerce, days after sight.

D.S., d.s., dal segno, [It.] (repeat) from this sign.
D.S., Doctor of Science.

References

drumfish ( Sciaenidae )

Pronunciation key

( drum′fish )

drum•fish

n. [pl. DRUMFISH, DRUMFISHES (-iz) see FISH].

A variety of saltwater and freshwater fishes that make a drumming noise.

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Redfish, Puppy Drum, Drum, Channel Bass (Sciaenops ocellatus)
Kingdom	Animalia – Animal, animals
Phylum	Chordata – chordates
Subphylum	Vertebrata – vertebrates
Superclass	Osteichthyes – bony fishes
Class	Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes, spiny rayed fishes
Subclass	Neopterygii – neopterygians
Infraclass	Teleostei
Superorder	Acanthopterygii
Order	Perciformes – perch-like fishes
Suborder	Percoidei
Family	Sciaenidae – drums and croakers
Direct Children:
Genus	Aplodinotus Rafinesque, 1819 – river drums, thunderpumpers, freshwater drums
Genus	Argyrosomus De la Pylaie, 1835
Genus	Aspericorvina Fowler, 1934
Genus	Atractoscion Gill, 1862
Genus	Atrobucca Chu, Lo and Wu, 1963
Genus	Austronibea Trewavas, 1977
Genus	Bahaba Herre, 1935
Genus	Bairdiella Gill, 1861 – mademoiselle, striped croakers
Genus	Boesemania Trewavas, 1977
Genus	Cheilotrema Tschudi, 1846
Genus	Chrysochir Trewavas and Yazdani, 1966
Genus	Cilus Delfin, 1900
Genus	Collichthys Günther, 1860
Genus	Corvula Jordan and Eigenmann, 1889
Genus	Ctenosciaena Fowler and Bean, 1923
Genus	Cynoscion Gill, 1861 – sea trout, weak fishes, seatrouts
Genus	Daysciaena Talwar, 1970
Genus	Dendrophysa Trewavas, 1964
Genus	Elattarchus Jordan and Evermann, 1896
Genus	Equetus Rafinesque, 1815 – ribbonfishes
Genus	Genyonemus Gill, 1861
Genus	Isopisthus Gill, 1862
Genus	Johnius Bloch, 1793 – maigres, maigres
Genus	Kathala Mohan, 1969
Genus	Larimichthys Jordan and Starks, 1905
Genus	Larimus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830
Genus	Leiostomus Lacepède, 1802 – spots
Genus	Lonchurus Bloch, 1793
Genus	Macrodon Schinz, 1822
Genus	Macrospinosa Mohan, 1969
Genus	Megalonibea Chu, Lo and Wu, 1963
Genus	Menticirrhus Gill, 1861 – kingfishes, weakfishes
Genus	Micropogonias Bonaparte, 1831 – finebarbel croakers
Genus	Miichthys Lin, 1938
Genus	Miracorvina Trewavas, 1962
Genus	Nebris Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830
Genus	Nibea Jordan and Thompson, 1911
Genus	Odontoscion Gill, 1862
Genus	Ophioscion Gill, 1863
Genus	Otolithes Oken, 1817
Genus	Otolithoides Fowler, 1933
Genus	Pachypops Gill, 1861
Genus	Pachyurus Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1831
Genus	Panna Mohan, 1969
Genus	Paralonchurus Bocourt, 1869
Genus	Paranebris Chao, Béarez and Robertson, 2001
Genus	Paranibea Trewavas, 1977
Genus	Pareques Gill in Goode, 1876
Genus	Pennahia Fowler, 1926
Genus	Pentheroscion Trewavas, 1962
Genus	Petilipinnis Casatti, 2002
Genus	Plagioscion Gill, 1861
Genus	Pogonias Lacepède, 1801 – black drums
Genus	Protonibea Trewavas, 1971
Genus	Protosciaena Sasaki, 1989
Genus	Pseudotolithus Bleeker, 1863
Genus	Pteroscion Fowler, 1925
Genus	Pterotolithus Fowler, 1933
Genus	Roncador Jordan and Gilbert, 1880
Genus	Sciaena Linnaeus, 1758 – black drums, black drums
Genus	Sciaenops Gill, 1863 – red drums
Genus	Seriphus Ayres, 1860
Genus	Sonorolux Trewavas, 1977
Genus	Stellifer Oken, 1817
Genus	Totoaba Villamar, 1980
Genus	Umbrina Cuvier, 1816 – croakers, roncadores

References

Sciaenidae, Taxonomic Serial No.: 169237

Red Drum, Redfish, Puppy Drum, Drum, Channel Bass (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Red Drum - a.k.a. Channel Bass, Redfish, or Puppy Drum

Sciaenidae make species-specific drumming sounds during courtship of the females at locations where spawning occurs.

Black Drum | Ocean Conservation Research “Drum” is a broad colloquial name used in many English speaking areas to name various fish under the Sciaenidae family that make “drumming” sounds.

Croakers and Drums named for repetitive throbbing or drumming sounds they make.

Sound production behaviour in a marine croaker fish, The teleost family-Sciaenidae, collectively known as the croakers and drums because of their ability for making sound.

Sciaenidae Drums are so called because of the deep, reverberating sound they make.

dracaena ( dragon tree or dragon palm )

Pronunciation key

( drə-sē′nə )

dra•cae•na

[Mod. L. < Gr. drakaina she-dragon; see DRAGON].

One of several related tropical shrubs and trees found in the Eastern hemisphere.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom	Plantae – Vegetal, plants
Subkingdom	Viridaeplantae – green plants
Infrakingdom	Streptophyta – land plants
Division	Tracheophyta – vascular plants, tracheophytes
Subdivision	Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants
Infradivision	Angiospermae – flowering plants, angiosperms
Class	Magnoliopsida
Superorder	Lilianae – monocots
Order	Asparagales
Family	Asparagaceae
Genus	Dracaena L. – dracaena
Direct Children:
Species	Dracaena aurea H. Mann
Species	Dracaena cinnabari Balf. f. – Socotra dragontree
Species	Dracaena concinna Kunth
Species	Dracaena draco (L.) L. – dragontree
Species	Dracaena fernaldii (H. St. John) Jankalski
Species	Dracaena forbesii O. Deg.
Species	Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl. – fragrant dracaena
Species	Dracaena halapepe (H. St. John) Jankalski
Species	Dracaena konaensis (H. St. John) Jankalski
Species	Dracaena reflexa Lam.
Species	Dracaena steudneri Schweinf. ex Engl. – bush nightfighter
Species	Dracaena surculosa Lindl. – gold dust dracaena
Species	Pleomele auwahiensis H. St. John – Maui hala pepe

References

Dracaena, [L.], Taxonomic Serial No.: 500631

tree species, dracaena draco

Dracaena palm

Dr.

Dr.

Doctor.
Drive. (Designates a street name).

References

dpt.

dpt.

department.
deponent.

References

D.P.

D.P.

displaced person.

References

john dory fish ( Zenopsis conchifera )

Pronunciation key

( dôr′i )
( dō′ri )

do•ry

n. [pl. DORIES (-iz) or (-riz)]

[Fr. dorée, lit. gilt; fem. of doré, pp. of dorer; LL. deaurare, to gild; L. de-, intens. + aurare, to gild < aurum gold].

Salt water fish, small in size with golden tint and edible known by the common name, "john dory" and scientific name Zenopsis conchifera.
Any relative to this species such as the wall-eyed pike.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom	Animalia – Animal, animals
Phylum	Chordata – chordates
Subphylum	Vertebrata – vertebrates
Superclass	Osteichthyes – bony fishes
Class	Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes, spiny rayed fishes
Subclass	Neopterygii – neopterygians
Infraclass	Teleostei
Superorder	Acanthopterygii
Order	Zeiformes – boarfishes, dories, john dories
Suborder	Zeioidei
Family	Zeidae Latreille, 1825 – dories, John dories, Saint-Pierre, St. Peter fish, buckler dories
Genus	Zenopsis Gill, 1862
Species	Zenopsis conchifera (Lowe, 1852) – buckler dory, American john dory

References

Zenopsis conchifera, (Lowe, 1852) Taxonomic Serial No.: 166284

doting, doty, dotty, dotage, dotard, dote

dotage
dotard
dote
doting
dotty
doty

Pronunciation key

( dōt′ij )

dot•age

[ME. < dotien, doten to dote].

Characteristically feeble-minded and childish due to old age; senility.
An excessively foolish affection. Doting.

« go back

Pronunciation key

( dō′tẽrd )

do•tard

[ME. < dotien, doten to dote; cf. DODDERED].

One in their dotage.
A foolishly doddering old person.

« go back

Pronunciation key

( dōt )

dote

v.i.. [DOTED (-id), DOTING].

[ME. dotien, doten < Anglo-Fr. *doter (Fr. radoter); ult. < Gmc. (cf. D. doten, to dote) < base of dodder].

The condition of being foolish and feeble-minded, primarily due to old age.
To excessively, foolishly express fondness. Doting upon or on.

« go back

Pronunciation key

( dōt′iŋ )

dot•ing

adj. [ppr. of dote]

Foolish, excessive fondness.
In botany, decaying from age.

« go back

Pronunciation key

( dōt′i )

adj. [DOTTIER (-i-ẽr) DOTTIEST (-i-ist) < dot a spot].

speckled in dots, dotted.
[Colloq.], feeble, unsteady, shaky therefore,
feeble minded, weak, senile.

« go back

Pronunciation key

( dōt′i )

dot•y

adj. [DOTIER (-ti-ẽr) DOTIEST (-ti-ist)]

[< dote]

In botany, in a state of decay and discoloration from age.

« go back

References

Dodo ( Raphus cucullatus )

Pronunciation key

( dō′dō )

Do•do [pl DODOS, DODOES (-dōz)].

[Port. doudo lit., stupid or foolish].

A large bird which is now extinct, having a large hooked bill, short neck and legs and had only rudimentary wings which were useless for flight. Formerly its native habitat was located in Mauritius.

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Standing height of 2 ft.
Kingdom	Animalia – Animal, animals
Phylum	Chordata – chordates
Subphylum	Vertebrata – vertebrates
Class	Aves – Birds
Order	Columbiformes – Doves, colombes, pigeons, Pigeons
Family	Raphidae
Genus	Raphus Brisson, 1760
Species	Raphus cucullatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References and Further Reading

Raphus cucullatus, (Linnaeus, 1758) Taxonomic Serial No.: 555609

EXTINCT DODO BIRD, Raphus Cucullatus

D.N.B.

D.N.B.

Dictionary of National Biography. British.

References

D. Mus.

D. Mus.

Doctor of Music.

References

DM., dm.

DM., dm.

Deutschemark.
decimeter. decimeters.

References

dlvy.

dlvy.

delivery.

References

D.L.S.

D.L.S.

Doctor of Library Science.

References

D/L, dl.

D/L, dl.

D/L, demand loan.
dl., decileter, deciliters.

References

dkl.

dkl.

decaliter.

References

dkg.

dkg.

decagram, decagrams.

References

dkm.

dkm.

decameter.

References

dk.

dk.

deck.
dock.

References

Djokjakarta

Pronunciation key

( jk′yä-kär′tä )

Djok•ja•kar•ta

A city in Java, in Indonesia.

References

Djakarta

Pronunciation key

( jä-kär′tä )

Dja•kar•ta

The capital of Indonesia in Java. Jakarta.

References

Diptera

Pronunciation key

( dip′tẽr-ə )

Dip•ter•a

n.pl..

[Mod. L. < Gr. dipteros; see DIPTEROUS].

Classification of insects which includes gnats, houseflies, mosquitos and soforth, characterized by having only one pair of membranous wings.

Taxonomic Hierarchy
A gnat is classified in the order Diptera.
Kingdom	Animalia – Animal, animals
Phylum	Arthropoda – arthropods
Subphylum	Hexapoda – hexapods
Class	Insecta – insects, hexapoda
Subclass	Pterygota – winged insects
Infraclass	Neoptera – modern, wing-folding insects
Order	Diptera – mosca, mosquito, gnats, mosquitoes, true flies
Direct Children:
Suborder	Brachycera – circular-seamed flies, muscoid flies, short-horned flies
Suborder	Nematocera – long-horned flies

dip•ter•on ( dip′tẽr-on′ )

[Gr. dipteron, neut. of dipteros; see DIPTEROUS].

An insect with the dipterous feature.

dip•ter•ous ( dip′tẽr-əs )

adj.

[Gr. dipteros having two wings < di-, two + pteron, a wing]

Some insects which are uniquely characterized by having only two wings or, in other species which have two winglike structures in their anatomy such as some varieties of seeds.
A member of the order Diptera.

References and Further Reading

Diptera, Taxonomic Serial No.: 118831

Home » Flies » Flies Pictures

Facts, Identification & Control

dicotyledon, dicotyledonous, dicotyledonae, dicotyledoneae, dicotyledones

Pronunciation key

( dī′kot-ʼl-e′dʼn )
( dī-kot′ʼl-ē'dʼn )

di•cot•y•le•don

A plant that produces two seed leaves (cotyledons). Any plant that is classed among one of the two subclasses of seed plants characteristically having two embryos with two cotyledons as most shrubs and deciduous trees.

Terms once used to classify species become outdated and are replaced as classification systems become more accurate. Currently, as it stands, the term Dicotyledoneae, (Taxonomic Serial No.: 206968) is invalid. The accepted name is Magnoliopsida.

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Plantae – Vegetal, plants
Subkingdom	Viridaeplantae – green plants
Infrakingdom	Streptophyta – land plants
Division	Tracheophyta – vascular plants, tracheophytes
Subdivision	Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants
Infradivision	Angiospermae – flowering plants, angiosperms
Class	Magnoliopsida
Direct Children:
Superorder	Amborellanae
Superorder	Asteranae
Superorder	Austrobaileyanae
Superorder	Berberidopsidanae
Superorder	Buxanae
Superorder	Caryophyllanae
Superorder	Ceratophyllanae
Superorder	Dillenianae
Superorder	Lilianae – monocots, monocotyledons
Superorder	Magnolianae
Superorder	Myrothamnanae
Superorder	Nymphaeanae
Superorder	Proteanae
Superorder	Ranunculanae
Superorder	Rosanae
Superorder	Santalanae
Superorder	Saxifraganae
Superorder	Trochodendranae

Historically, dicotyledon were classed as such,

Subclass Dicotyledonae: the dicots. Flower parts are usually in fours or fives; leaf venation is usually netlike, pinnate, or palmate; there is true secondary growth with vascular cambium commonly present; there are two cotyledons; vascular bundles in the stem are in a ring; pollen is basically tricolpate. There are about 190,000 species.

Subclass Monocotyledonae: the monocots. Flower parts are usually in threes; leaf venation is usually parallel; true secondary growth is not present; there is one cotyledon; vascular bundles in the stem are scattered; the pollen is basically monocolpate. There are about 60,000 species.

Source: Biology of Plants, p. 660, Appendix C, ©1970, Worth Publishers, Inc., Peter H. Raven, Helena Curtis, Stanford University

di•cot•y•le•don•ous ( dī′kot-ʼl-e′dʼn-əs )
( dī-kot′ʼl-ed'n-əs )

adj.

Possessing two cotyledons and belonging to the subclass of dicotyledons.

References and Further Reading

Magnoliopsida, Taxonomic Serial No.: 18063

The Monocot Class of Flowering Plants

Bean Seed Germination Photos

The Seed

Invalid subtaxa: Dicotyledonae [invalid subgroup], Dicotyledoneae [invalid subgroup], Dicotyledones [invalid subgroup]

Traditional Classification of Plant Families Table gives the traditional classification of Plant Families into their Orders and Superorders, in the Subclasses Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae, in the Class Gymnospermae.

Magnoliopsida (Synonyms Dicotyledons)

diclinous and diclinism

Pronunciation key

( dī′kli-nəs )
( dī-klī′nəs )

di•cli•nous

adj.

[< di + Gr. klinē bed; + ous].

The characteristic of having stamens and pistils located in separate flowers.
Flowers which contain exclusively stamens or, exclusively pistils inside them.

di•cli•nism (dī′kli-nizʼm)

Characteristically diclinous.

References

dhurna

Pronunciation key

( dũr′nä )

dhur•na

dharna.

References

d.h.

d.h.

das heisst, [German], that is specifically, i.e.

References

dg.

dg.

decigram.
decigrams.

References

D/F, D.F.

D/F, D.F.

D/F, in radio, direction-finding.
D.F.

Dean of the Faculty
Defensor Fidei, [L.] Defender of the Faith.
Districto Federal, [Port.] Federal District.
Distrito Federal, [Sp.], Federal District (in Mexico).

References

dextrorse

Pronunciation key

( dek′strôrs )
( dek-strôrs′ )

dex•trorse

adj.

[L. dextrorsum or dextrovorsum, toward the right < dexter, right + versus or vorsus, pp. of vertere or vortere, to turn].

Dextrorse Vine
(Morning Glory)

in botany a vine which twines upwards in a right direction, opposed to sinistrorse which follows a left direction.

References

Devilfish ( Manta birostris )

Pronunciation key

( dev′ʼl-fish′ )

dev•il•fish [pl. DEVILFISH, DEVILFISHES (-iz); see FISH]

The largest among the rays. Known as the Atlantic manta, or giant devil ray (Manta birostris). It's common name is due to the horn-like appearance when the pectoral fins are rolled up.
A large cephalopod, especially the octopus.

Taxonomic Hierarchy
approximate 20 ft. width
Kingdom	Animalia – Animal, animals
Phylum	Chordata – chordates
Subphylum	Vertebrata – vertebrates
Class	Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes, rays, sharks
Subclass	Elasmobranchii – cartilaginous fishes, rays, sharks, skates, torpedoes
Superorder	Euselachii
Order	Myliobatiformes – stingrays
Family	Mobulidae Gill, 1893 – mantas, mantes, devil rays, mantas
Genus	Manta Bancroft, 1829 – mantas
Species	Manta birostris (Walbaum, 1792) – manta gigante, giant manta, Atlantic manta, manta, Pacific manta

References and Further Reading

Manta birostris, (Walbaum, 1792), Taxonomic Serial No.: 160992

Manta Ray

Deadly Nightshade, ( Genus Solanum ), the belladonna

deadly nightshade

The belladonna. A poisonous plant but parts of which are used in medicine.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom	Plantae – Vegetal, plants
Subkingdom	Viridaeplantae – green plants
Infrakingdom	Streptophyta – land plants
Division	Tracheophyta – vascular plants
Subdivision	Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants
Infradivision	Angiospermae – flowering plants, angiosperms
Class	Magnoliopsida
Superorder	Asteranae
Order	Solanales
Family	Solanaceae – nightshades
Genus	Solanum L. – nightshade
Species	Solanum interius Rydb. – deadly nightshade

Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom	Plantae – Vegetal, plants
Subkingdom	Viridaeplantae – green plants
Infrakingdom	Streptophyta – land plants
Division	Tracheophyta – vascular plants
Subdivision	Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants
Infradivision	Angiospermae – flowering plants, angiosperms
Class	Magnoliopsida
Superorder	Asteranae
Order	Solanales
Family	Solanaceae – nightshades
Genus	Solanum L. – nightshade
Species	Solanum nigrum L. – deadly nightshade, garden nightshade, black nightshade